有的人仇富心理作怪：人家开公司，赚大钱，你们自己赚不到就这么眼红。CEO拿奖金说到底是自己赚的，bail out也是政府发的，不是人家抢的，完全合理合法，有什么shameful的。总比黑八之流慷纳税人之慨，给自己的红卫兵发food stamp好。
失败的公司，bail out money也不是偷得抢的，要是对这些公司没信心，政府大可以不发钱么。既然发了，就是相信公司的能力和智慧，也就没资格管人家怎么花。
难道老板给你开工资之后，还有资格规定你怎么花工资么？你要拿自己的工资去投资垃圾股，难道老板也有权利出来说你，"这么不尊重我给你的钱，真是shameful"么?
黑八动不动搞shameful这一套，想要发动无产阶级专政来打土豪分田地么？
WASHINGTON – President Barack Obama issued a withering critique Thursday of
Wall Street corporate behavior, calling it "the height of irresponsibility"
for Wall Street employees to be paid more than $18 billion in bonuses last
year while their financial sector was crumbling.
"It is shameful," Obama said from the Oval Office. "And part of what we're
going to need is for the folks on Wall Street who are asking for help to
show some restraint, and show some discipline, and show some sense of
responsibility."
The president's comments, made with new Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
at his side, came in swift response to a report that employees of the New
York financial world garnered an estimated $18.4 billion in bonuses last
year. The figure, from the New York state comptroller, drew prominent news
coverage.
Yet Obama's stand also came just one day after he surrounded himself with
well-paid chief executives at the White House. He had pulled in those
business leaders and hailed them for being on the "front lines in seeing the
enormous problems in our economy right now."
yahoo.com
Friday, January 30, 2009
我为美利坚人民民主党进一言 - My Tax Reform Proposal
把全部人口按收入排序，收入低的51%人口全部免税，收入高的49%人口承担全部税务负担。
不交税的51%人口不会关心tax rate有多高，从此happy ever after，成为民主党的永久选民，进而保证无产阶级民主专政的长治久安。
再补充一点，为了防止不法分子利用现金，隐瞒收入，逃避缴税，杜绝一切现金交易，
开始发粮票，布票，一切凭票。
不交税的51%人口不会关心tax rate有多高，从此happy ever after，成为民主党的永久选民，进而保证无产阶级民主专政的长治久安。
再补充一点，为了防止不法分子利用现金，隐瞒收入，逃避缴税，杜绝一切现金交易，
开始发粮票，布票，一切凭票。
Sunday, January 11, 2009
K-Lite Codecs explained
Most players use DirectShow for playback. DirectShow is a system that uses multiple DirectShow filters as building blocks to construct what is called a DirectShow graph. A file is a root of this graph and the audio and video renderers are the leaves of the graph. During playback data flows from the root to the leaves. Each filter in the graph performs a subtask of the whole process. Typical elements in the graph are a source filter, which is often also called a splitter or parser, and decoders for the audio and video. A source filter is responsible for reading the file format and feeding the data to the other filters downstream in the graph. During graph creation, if DirectShow finds multiple filters that are able to perform the same subtask, then it will typically select the filter that has the highest merit. The merit of a filter is simply a numerical value that indicates the preferability of the filter. Tools exist to alter the merit of a DS filter. Advanced players are often able to manipulate which filters are used in the graph, allowing for example to block or prefer certain filters. If no suitable DirectShow filter can be found to decode a certain audio/video format, then DirectShow is able to fall back to using VFW and ACM codecs (see below) through special wrapper filters.
It is a myth that filters can 'conflict' with each other. If something goes wrong it is simply because some filters in the graph are not performing their subtasks correctly. The filters in this pack are carefully selected to provide you with optimal functionality and a minimal chance of running into problems.
Codec is short for 'compressor-decompressor', a piece of software that is able to decode and encode a certain format. By this definition, a DirectShow filter is not a codec.
Two other systems are VFW (Video For Windows) and ACM (Audio Compression Manager). Components for these system are called codecs, because they are typically able to both encode and decode. These two types of codecs are required by most video editing applications, such as VirtualDub. Traditional video editing applications are not able to use DirectShow. More modern applications are sometimes capable of using DirectShow for decoding, but they usually still require VFW and ACM codecs for encoding.
Components:
# means that ffdshow is able to decode the same format(s) as the marked component. So you don't necessarily need to install the marked component if you install ffdshow.
# means that Media Player Classic is able to decode the same format(s) as the marked component. So you don't necessarily need to install the marked component if you install MPC and use it as your default player.
Player:
Media Player Classic Home Cinema [version 1.2.940.0]
Media Player Classic [version 6.4.9.1 rev. 91]
This is a full-featured player with many options and useful functionality. It has internal decoding support for various audio and video formats such as DVD, MPEG-2, MP3, AC3, DTS and AAC. It also has internal support for opening various container formats such as MP4, Matroska and Ogg. It is also capable of playing QuickTime and RealMedia content if those frameworks are installed. The Home Cinema version additionally has internal DXVA decoders for H.264 and VC-1 video.
ffdshow:
ffdshow [revision 2555]
ffdshow is a very powerful DirectShow filter that can decode many audio and video formats. It also contains lots of options for manipulation of the audio and video, such as resizing and post-processing. Examples of supported video formats are: DivX, Xvid, MPEG-4, H.264/AVC, MPEG-2, VC-1, H.263, FLV1, FLV4, VP3, VP6, Theora, SVQ1, SVQ3, and MJPEG. Examples of supported audio formats are: MP3, AAC, AC3, DTS, LPCM, Vorbis, MP1, MP2, E-AC3, Dolby TrueHD, AMR, Nellymoser, and IMA ADPCM.
ffdshow VFW interface
VFW decoder that supports many video formats.
VFW encoder for a few video formats: MPEG-4, DV, H.263, Theora, MPEG-2, MPEG-1, MJPEG and a couple more.
Extra plugins
Kernel and TomsMoComp deinterlacers. DScaler plugin.
DirectShow video decoding filters:
Xvid [version 1.2.1] #
For decoding Xvid MPEG-4 video. This is currently the most popular video format.
DivX [version 6.8.5] #
For decoding DivX MPEG-4 video.
On2 VP6 [version 6.4.2.0]
For decoding VP6 video. This format is not very common.
On2 VP7 [version 7.0.10.0]
For decoding VP7 video. This format is not very common.
MPEG-2 (Cyberlink) [version 8.1.0.1608] # #
MPEG-2 (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.4] # #
For decoding MPEG-2 video.
Cyberlink also support playback of DVD video in Windows Media Player and Windows Media Center.
Windows Vista (Home Premium / Ultimate) already contains its own MPEG-2 and DVD decoder. So you don't need to install one of these, unless you prefer them over the MS decoder.
MPEG-1 (MainConcept) [version 1.0.0.78] # #
For decoding MPEG-1 video.
Windows already contains its own MPEG-1 decoder. So you don't need to install this, unless you prefer it over the MS decoder.
DirectShow audio decoding filters:
AC3/DTS/LPCM/MP1/MP2 (AC3Filter) [version 1.46] # #
For decoding AC3 and DTS audio. Also decodes DVD audio.
Vorbis (CoreVorbis) [version 1.1.0.79] #
For decoding Vorbis audio. This is the recommended Vorbis decoder.
AAC (MONOGRAM) [version 0.9.5.0] #
For decoding AAC audio.
DirectShow audio parsers:
FLAC (madFLAC) [version 1.8]
Source filter and decoding filter for FLAC audio files (.flac).
WavPack (CoreWavPack) [version 1.1.1]
Source filter and decoding filter for WavPack audio files (.wv).
MusePack (MONOGRAM) [version 0.9.1.2 / 0.3.1.2]
Source filter and decoding filter for MusePack audio files (.mpc).
Monkey's Audio (DCoder) [version 1.0]
Source filter with integrated decoder for Monkey's Audio files (.ape).
OptimFROG (RadLight) [version 1.0.0.1]
Source filter with integrated decoder for OptimFROG audio files (.ofr .ofs).
AMR (MONOGRAM) [version 1.0.1.0]
Source filter and decoding filter for AMR audio files (.amr).
This filter is also able to encode and mux AMR audio.
DC-Bass Source [version 1.2.0]
Source filter with integrated decoders for the following audio file types:
AAC (.aac .m4a)
ALAC (.alac)
Tracker (.it .mo3 .mod .mtm .s3m .umx .xm)
True Audio (.tta)
AC3/DTS Source (AC3File) [version 0.5b] #
Source filter for .ac3 and .dts files.
DirectShow source filters:
AVI splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.9] #
AVI splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18] #
For parsing the AVI container (.avi files).
MP4/3GP/MOV splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18] #
MP4/3GP/MOV splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.5] #
For parsing the MP4/MOV/3GP containers (.mp4 .m4v .hdmov .mov .3gp files).
Matroska splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18] #
Matroska splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.3.1] #
For parsing the Matroska container (.mkv .mka files).
Ogg splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18] #
Ogg splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.2] #
For parsing the Ogg container (.ogm .ogg files).
MPEG PS/TS splitter (Gabest) [version 1.2.940.0] #
MPEG PS/TS splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18] #
For parsing the MPEG container (.mpeg .mpg .m1v .m2v .ts .m2ts files).
The Haali MPEG PS splitter also supports .evo files, but it does not always work properly for regular MPEG files.
FLV splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.5] #
For parsing the FLV container (.flv files).
CDXA Reader (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.2] #
For reading VCD, SVCD and XCD discs.
DirectShow subtitle filter:
DirectVobSub (a.k.a. VSFilter) [version 2.39] # #
DirectVobSub (a.k.a. VSFilter) [version 2.33] # #
DirectVobSub is a filter for displaying subtitles (ssa/ass, srt and vobsub). Your subtitle file(s) should have the same filename as your video file (for example: MovieName.avi + MovieName.idx + MovieName.sub) and should be in the same folder as your video file. Then the subtitles will automatically be displayed in most players.
Other filters:
Haali Video Renderer [version 1.8.122.18]
Excellent video renderer that can be used as an alternative for the video renderers that Windows offers.
Requires a modern graphics card with PixelShader 1.4 or higher.
VFW video codecs:
Xvid [version 1.2.1]
For encoding video in the Xvid MPEG-4 format.
DivX [version 6.8.5]
For encoding video in the DivX MPEG-4 format.
x264 [revision 1063]
For encoding video in the H.264 format.
We don't recommend using the VFW system to encode H.264 video. It is better to use a CLI based solution, such as MeGUI.
On2 VP6 [version 6.4.2.0]
For encoding video in the VP6 format.
On2 VP7 [version 7.0.10.0]
For encoding video in the VP7 format.
Intel Indeo 4 [version 4.51.16.2]
For decoding Indeo 4 video.
For encoding video in the Indeo 4 format.
Intel Indeo 5 [version 5.2562.15.54]
For decoding Indeo 5 video.
For encoding video in the Indeo 5 format.
Intel I.263 [version 2.55.1.16]
For decoding I.263 video.
For encoding video in the I.263 format.
huffyuv [version 2.1.1 CCE Patch 0.2.5]
For decoding huffyuv video.
For encoding video in the huffyuv format.
huffyuv is a lossless (no quality loss) video compression format.
YV12 (Helix) [version 1.2]
For decoding from and encoding in the YV12 format.
ACM audio codecs:
MP3 (Fraunhofer) [version 3.4.0.0]
For decoding and encoding MP3 audio in applications like VirtualDub.
MP3 (LAME) [version 3.98.2]
For encoding MP3 audio in applications like VirtualDub.
AC3ACM [version 1.4]
For decoding and encoding AC3 audio in applications like VirtualDub.
Vorbis [version 0.0.3.6]
Required for playing AVI files that contain Vorbis audio. These files are very uncommon.
DivX ;) Audio [version 4.2.0.0]
Some old DivX 3.11 videos use this audio codec.
Tools:
K-Lite Codec Tweak Tool [version 2.3.1]
With this multi-functional tool you can (1) detect and fix some common problems (2) generate a detailed list of all installed codecs and filters (3) reset settings (4) backup/restore settings (5) manage the installed codecs and filters.
MediaInfo Lite [version 0.7.8]
This tool can analyze a media file and show detailed information about it.
GSpot Codec Information Appliance [version 2.70a]
GSpot is a tool that can analyze AVI, MPEG and MP4 files and tell you which audio and video formats it contains. It can also perform a render test that shows you which filters are being used to play the file.
VobSubStrip [version 0.11]
With this tool you can strip languages from VobSub subtitle files (.idx and .sub files).
GraphStudio [version 0.3.1.0]
GraphStudio is a tool for constructing and analyzing DirectShow filter graphs.
Haali Muxer
Tool for (re-)muxing audio and video into a Matroska container.
FourCC Changer
The FourCC (Four Character Code) Changer is a program for changing the FourCC of a video file, which is used to identify which codec should be used to decode the file. This tool is for expert users only.
Bitrate Calculator
This can be used to calculate the bitrate to use when encoding a movie.
It is a myth that filters can 'conflict' with each other. If something goes wrong it is simply because some filters in the graph are not performing their subtasks correctly. The filters in this pack are carefully selected to provide you with optimal functionality and a minimal chance of running into problems.
Codec is short for 'compressor-decompressor', a piece of software that is able to decode and encode a certain format. By this definition, a DirectShow filter is not a codec.
Two other systems are VFW (Video For Windows) and ACM (Audio Compression Manager). Components for these system are called codecs, because they are typically able to both encode and decode. These two types of codecs are required by most video editing applications, such as VirtualDub. Traditional video editing applications are not able to use DirectShow. More modern applications are sometimes capable of using DirectShow for decoding, but they usually still require VFW and ACM codecs for encoding.
Components:
# means that ffdshow is able to decode the same format(s) as the marked component. So you don't necessarily need to install the marked component if you install ffdshow.
# means that Media Player Classic is able to decode the same format(s) as the marked component. So you don't necessarily need to install the marked component if you install MPC and use it as your default player.
Player:
Media Player Classic Home Cinema [version 1.2.940.0]
Media Player Classic [version 6.4.9.1 rev. 91]
This is a full-featured player with many options and useful functionality. It has internal decoding support for various audio and video formats such as DVD, MPEG-2, MP3, AC3, DTS and AAC. It also has internal support for opening various container formats such as MP4, Matroska and Ogg. It is also capable of playing QuickTime and RealMedia content if those frameworks are installed. The Home Cinema version additionally has internal DXVA decoders for H.264 and VC-1 video.
ffdshow:
ffdshow [revision 2555]
ffdshow is a very powerful DirectShow filter that can decode many audio and video formats. It also contains lots of options for manipulation of the audio and video, such as resizing and post-processing. Examples of supported video formats are: DivX, Xvid, MPEG-4, H.264/AVC, MPEG-2, VC-1, H.263, FLV1, FLV4, VP3, VP6, Theora, SVQ1, SVQ3, and MJPEG. Examples of supported audio formats are: MP3, AAC, AC3, DTS, LPCM, Vorbis, MP1, MP2, E-AC3, Dolby TrueHD, AMR, Nellymoser, and IMA ADPCM.
ffdshow VFW interface
VFW decoder that supports many video formats.
VFW encoder for a few video formats: MPEG-4, DV, H.263, Theora, MPEG-2, MPEG-1, MJPEG and a couple more.
Extra plugins
Kernel and TomsMoComp deinterlacers. DScaler plugin.
DirectShow video decoding filters:
Xvid [version 1.2.1] #
For decoding Xvid MPEG-4 video. This is currently the most popular video format.
DivX [version 6.8.5] #
For decoding DivX MPEG-4 video.
On2 VP6 [version 6.4.2.0]
For decoding VP6 video. This format is not very common.
On2 VP7 [version 7.0.10.0]
For decoding VP7 video. This format is not very common.
MPEG-2 (Cyberlink) [version 8.1.0.1608] # #
MPEG-2 (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.4] # #
For decoding MPEG-2 video.
Cyberlink also support playback of DVD video in Windows Media Player and Windows Media Center.
Windows Vista (Home Premium / Ultimate) already contains its own MPEG-2 and DVD decoder. So you don't need to install one of these, unless you prefer them over the MS decoder.
MPEG-1 (MainConcept) [version 1.0.0.78] # #
For decoding MPEG-1 video.
Windows already contains its own MPEG-1 decoder. So you don't need to install this, unless you prefer it over the MS decoder.
DirectShow audio decoding filters:
AC3/DTS/LPCM/MP1/MP2 (AC3Filter) [version 1.46] # #
For decoding AC3 and DTS audio. Also decodes DVD audio.
Vorbis (CoreVorbis) [version 1.1.0.79] #
For decoding Vorbis audio. This is the recommended Vorbis decoder.
AAC (MONOGRAM) [version 0.9.5.0] #
For decoding AAC audio.
DirectShow audio parsers:
FLAC (madFLAC) [version 1.8]
Source filter and decoding filter for FLAC audio files (.flac).
WavPack (CoreWavPack) [version 1.1.1]
Source filter and decoding filter for WavPack audio files (.wv).
MusePack (MONOGRAM) [version 0.9.1.2 / 0.3.1.2]
Source filter and decoding filter for MusePack audio files (.mpc).
Monkey's Audio (DCoder) [version 1.0]
Source filter with integrated decoder for Monkey's Audio files (.ape).
OptimFROG (RadLight) [version 1.0.0.1]
Source filter with integrated decoder for OptimFROG audio files (.ofr .ofs).
AMR (MONOGRAM) [version 1.0.1.0]
Source filter and decoding filter for AMR audio files (.amr).
This filter is also able to encode and mux AMR audio.
DC-Bass Source [version 1.2.0]
Source filter with integrated decoders for the following audio file types:
AAC (.aac .m4a)
ALAC (.alac)
Tracker (.it .mo3 .mod .mtm .s3m .umx .xm)
True Audio (.tta)
AC3/DTS Source (AC3File) [version 0.5b] #
Source filter for .ac3 and .dts files.
DirectShow source filters:
AVI splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.9] #
AVI splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18] #
For parsing the AVI container (.avi files).
MP4/3GP/MOV splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18] #
MP4/3GP/MOV splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.5] #
For parsing the MP4/MOV/3GP containers (.mp4 .m4v .hdmov .mov .3gp files).
Matroska splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18] #
Matroska splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.3.1] #
For parsing the Matroska container (.mkv .mka files).
Ogg splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18] #
Ogg splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.2] #
For parsing the Ogg container (.ogm .ogg files).
MPEG PS/TS splitter (Gabest) [version 1.2.940.0] #
MPEG PS/TS splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18] #
For parsing the MPEG container (.mpeg .mpg .m1v .m2v .ts .m2ts files).
The Haali MPEG PS splitter also supports .evo files, but it does not always work properly for regular MPEG files.
FLV splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.5] #
For parsing the FLV container (.flv files).
CDXA Reader (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.2] #
For reading VCD, SVCD and XCD discs.
DirectShow subtitle filter:
DirectVobSub (a.k.a. VSFilter) [version 2.39] # #
DirectVobSub (a.k.a. VSFilter) [version 2.33] # #
DirectVobSub is a filter for displaying subtitles (ssa/ass, srt and vobsub). Your subtitle file(s) should have the same filename as your video file (for example: MovieName.avi + MovieName.idx + MovieName.sub) and should be in the same folder as your video file. Then the subtitles will automatically be displayed in most players.
Other filters:
Haali Video Renderer [version 1.8.122.18]
Excellent video renderer that can be used as an alternative for the video renderers that Windows offers.
Requires a modern graphics card with PixelShader 1.4 or higher.
VFW video codecs:
Xvid [version 1.2.1]
For encoding video in the Xvid MPEG-4 format.
DivX [version 6.8.5]
For encoding video in the DivX MPEG-4 format.
x264 [revision 1063]
For encoding video in the H.264 format.
We don't recommend using the VFW system to encode H.264 video. It is better to use a CLI based solution, such as MeGUI.
On2 VP6 [version 6.4.2.0]
For encoding video in the VP6 format.
On2 VP7 [version 7.0.10.0]
For encoding video in the VP7 format.
Intel Indeo 4 [version 4.51.16.2]
For decoding Indeo 4 video.
For encoding video in the Indeo 4 format.
Intel Indeo 5 [version 5.2562.15.54]
For decoding Indeo 5 video.
For encoding video in the Indeo 5 format.
Intel I.263 [version 2.55.1.16]
For decoding I.263 video.
For encoding video in the I.263 format.
huffyuv [version 2.1.1 CCE Patch 0.2.5]
For decoding huffyuv video.
For encoding video in the huffyuv format.
huffyuv is a lossless (no quality loss) video compression format.
YV12 (Helix) [version 1.2]
For decoding from and encoding in the YV12 format.
ACM audio codecs:
MP3 (Fraunhofer) [version 3.4.0.0]
For decoding and encoding MP3 audio in applications like VirtualDub.
MP3 (LAME) [version 3.98.2]
For encoding MP3 audio in applications like VirtualDub.
AC3ACM [version 1.4]
For decoding and encoding AC3 audio in applications like VirtualDub.
Vorbis [version 0.0.3.6]
Required for playing AVI files that contain Vorbis audio. These files are very uncommon.
DivX ;) Audio [version 4.2.0.0]
Some old DivX 3.11 videos use this audio codec.
Tools:
K-Lite Codec Tweak Tool [version 2.3.1]
With this multi-functional tool you can (1) detect and fix some common problems (2) generate a detailed list of all installed codecs and filters (3) reset settings (4) backup/restore settings (5) manage the installed codecs and filters.
MediaInfo Lite [version 0.7.8]
This tool can analyze a media file and show detailed information about it.
GSpot Codec Information Appliance [version 2.70a]
GSpot is a tool that can analyze AVI, MPEG and MP4 files and tell you which audio and video formats it contains. It can also perform a render test that shows you which filters are being used to play the file.
VobSubStrip [version 0.11]
With this tool you can strip languages from VobSub subtitle files (.idx and .sub files).
GraphStudio [version 0.3.1.0]
GraphStudio is a tool for constructing and analyzing DirectShow filter graphs.
Haali Muxer
Tool for (re-)muxing audio and video into a Matroska container.
FourCC Changer
The FourCC (Four Character Code) Changer is a program for changing the FourCC of a video file, which is used to identify which codec should be used to decode the file. This tool is for expert users only.
Bitrate Calculator
This can be used to calculate the bitrate to use when encoding a movie.
印度种姓
印度特有的种姓制度是自千年前雅利安人进入印度后为了显示自己尊贵种族而逐渐建立
起来的，虽然已从宪法中废除，但种姓制度在印度仍然盛行，，，基本上和不熟悉的印
度人谈种姓是不礼貌的，对方会很敏感，但也有一些高种姓即使你没提到这个话题，他
也会骄傲的主动告诉你“我的家族属于婆罗门”，或者“我的姓氏属于刹帝利”，，，
，发展到现在印度的每个种姓又划分为N多个亚种姓，目前印度共有4000多亚种姓。
印度的种姓不仅是等级的标志，它影响到印度教徒生活的方方面面，比如种姓内部婚配
，一般人们只会在同种姓中寻找配偶，一些严格的教徒甚至在必须要求对方是相同亚种
姓，印度男人可以娶比自己低一个种姓的女人为妻（称为顺婚，是男性特权），而女人
却不能嫁给比自己低种姓的男人（这是逆婚），这种情况将有有辱家族门风的大事，此
女将被开除出自己的种姓，她的孩子也将会沦为贱民，为人欺辱。
除了内部婚配，印度教徒还必须从事自己种姓所规定的职业，而不能自由求职，不能从
事比自己种姓低，或者高的职业，也许你会说这职业和种姓有什么关系，谁能看出来呢
？其实不然，在印度教内部有些严格的规定，比如一个人经营一个小工艺品店铺，那他
十有8，9是吠舍种姓，种姓和姓名也有直接关系，如果这个人的姓氏是Gupta“古普塔”那他
200%是吠舍，如果一个人是寺庙的祭祀，那绝对是婆罗门跑不了！当然也有家庭破败的
婆罗门从事低等的工作比如厨师，因为婆罗门做的饭菜所有种姓都可以吃，而低种姓做
的饭，高种姓是绝对不能吃的，也有发迹的低种姓受了教育踏上仕途的，但毕竟是极少
数。。。。
下面讲，我们作为外国人如何简单的识别印度教徒的种姓：）
虽然现在印度的种姓繁多，但终归有几个大的等级：
第一等级：最高贵的婆罗门：掌管精神世界的神职人员。
第二等级：刹帝利： 掌管世俗权利的国王和武士
第三等级：吠舍： 从事农业，牧业，手工艺，商业的公民。
以上三大种姓是印度教的高种姓，可以学习经书，获得精神上的重生，所以也叫“重生
种姓”。
！识别方法：这三大印度教高种姓的男性有一个明显的标志，就是佩带“圣线”，在高
种姓男孩出生后要进行佩带“圣线”的仪式，“圣线”由3股拧成，婆罗门男孩佩带棉
线，刹帝利男孩佩带亚麻线，而吠舍男孩佩带毛线，作为高种姓的标志，所以当你看到
一个印度男人，只要看看他的手腕就知道他的种姓位置了，如果有线圈说明他出身高种
姓，然后只要辨别一下线圈的质地，他所属的种姓大的等级就明了了。。。。如果没有
圣线，说明他可能来自低种姓或贱民，或者是非印度教徒的信仰其他宗教的印度人，，
，，，西西，是不是很简单呢。。。。。。。。。印度人服装多是短袖或把袖子挽起来
，所以很一目了然的哦：）~~~~~~~~~~~
接着说，在这3大高种姓之下，就是印度教低种姓，其实种姓制度并不复杂，只有一个
低种姓大类，那就是奴隶种姓“首陀罗”在现在的印度他们大都从事苦力等体力劳动，
比如打扫卫生，车夫，工地工人，搬重东西的脚夫，，，，，，，，虽然都是从事体力
劳动也有区分，比如有扫低的种姓，洗衣服的种姓等，这从他们的姓名上已经标注的很
清楚，而且扫地的种姓不能洗衣服，洗衣服的种姓不能打扫厕所，打扫厕所的种姓是最
低贱的，所以从事最低贱的劳动，，，，，，，，他们是没有资格佩带圣线的，也没有
资格学习经书，如果他们敢朗诵经文要被割掉舌头的，但是他们还不是印度社会中最生
活最痛苦的人，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，
在低种姓之下还有一群被排除在种姓之外的印度人---“贱民”！
他们是最痛苦的人，从事着最肮脏低贱的工作，他们也被称为“不可触摸者”，如果哪
个印度人不小心碰到了贱民会被认为受了“污染”，要请祭祀做法式来消除，贱民没有
受教育的权利，不被允许学习宗教经文，不允许进入寺庙，不许进入商店等公共场合，
不能在公用的饮水处喝水，不能和其他人并肩行走，甚至如果他们的影子碰到别人都是
不允许的，自古贱民经常因为无意中冒犯其他人而被活活打死，烧死，无人来管，他们
不被允许融入印度社会，一般都是居住在单独的偏僻村落。。。。。。。。。。。。。
。。。。。。。。是生活习惯上，贱民也有禁忌，比如印度是个喜爱佩带首饰的民族，
但贱民妇女不允许佩带首饰，，，贱民男人下雨天不许打伞，不能穿鞋。。。。。当然
印度几千万贱民也在进行抗争，历史上曾有一位贱民出身的总统，但毕竟是特例。。。
。。。。
HOHO，再说说别的宗教，比如印度的穆斯林，，，另人心驰神往的最著名建筑泰姬陵就
是个伊斯兰建筑，在印度穆斯林聚居的城市，男人戴着白色的小帽，女人黑纱裹身遮面
，绿色和新月形是伊斯兰的标志，不过印度的伊斯兰文化也有自己的特点，目前印度1
亿穆斯林中的大部分都是历史上因为不堪忍受高种姓欺压的低种姓和贱民改宗的，，（
印度历史上有多次类似的低种姓不堪忍受压迫转而改信伊斯兰教，和佛教的事情），，
，，，，所以印度的穆斯林中有相当一部分还保留着印度教的种姓，，，，也算是个特
色吧。。。呵呵
最后说两句锡克族，锡克人应该算是印度人中特点最明显，最好辨认的民族了，他们的
聚居地旁遮普是印度最富庶的邦之一，但凡此地出身的人，无论什么民族，无比自豪满
满，走到哪里都要告诉别人他是旁遮普人，一句“我来自旁遮普”比“我来自新德里或
孟买，还要拽~~~~~~~~~这还是因为锡克人的勤劳，旁遮普是当年印度政府“绿色农业
”政策推行的最好的邦，曾经创造以不到2%的人口，提供印度50%口粮的奇迹，因为锡
克人鄙视乞丐，认为不劳而获是社会毒瘤，所以印度庞大的乞丐大军中绝对不会有锡克
人，，，，
锡克人是最骁勇善战的民族，历史上在旁遮普地区创建了强大的帝国，如果不是印度军
队里对锡克人当兵有名额限制的话，恐怕印度部队都要是锡克人的天下了，，，
识别方法：传统锡克人的“5K”大家都知道吧，，，，所以传统的锡克人一望便知，不
过现在有很多锡克年轻人已经不再做传统装扮，已经剪了短发，剔掉胡须，不包头布了
，，，我看过一个锡克男人传统装扮和剪发以后穿现代装的扮相，哈哈简直是2重天，
根本看不出是同一个人，，，，对于现代装的锡克男人也有一个办法识别，，，，虽然
他们不再蓄发，蓄须，包头布，但现代装的锡克男人仍然保留着其中一个“K”，那就
是佩带铁手镯，，，，，所以，，，还是看手腕，，，，以不变应万变，，，，，，即
使一个印度人穿着再时髦，如果他手腕上佩带着铁质地的手镯，那么他必定是个锡克族
男孩 ！~~~~~~~~~呵呵
起来的，虽然已从宪法中废除，但种姓制度在印度仍然盛行，，，基本上和不熟悉的印
度人谈种姓是不礼貌的，对方会很敏感，但也有一些高种姓即使你没提到这个话题，他
也会骄傲的主动告诉你“我的家族属于婆罗门”，或者“我的姓氏属于刹帝利”，，，
，发展到现在印度的每个种姓又划分为N多个亚种姓，目前印度共有4000多亚种姓。
印度的种姓不仅是等级的标志，它影响到印度教徒生活的方方面面，比如种姓内部婚配
，一般人们只会在同种姓中寻找配偶，一些严格的教徒甚至在必须要求对方是相同亚种
姓，印度男人可以娶比自己低一个种姓的女人为妻（称为顺婚，是男性特权），而女人
却不能嫁给比自己低种姓的男人（这是逆婚），这种情况将有有辱家族门风的大事，此
女将被开除出自己的种姓，她的孩子也将会沦为贱民，为人欺辱。
除了内部婚配，印度教徒还必须从事自己种姓所规定的职业，而不能自由求职，不能从
事比自己种姓低，或者高的职业，也许你会说这职业和种姓有什么关系，谁能看出来呢
？其实不然，在印度教内部有些严格的规定，比如一个人经营一个小工艺品店铺，那他
十有8，9是吠舍种姓，种姓和姓名也有直接关系，如果这个人的姓氏是Gupta“古普塔”那他
200%是吠舍，如果一个人是寺庙的祭祀，那绝对是婆罗门跑不了！当然也有家庭破败的
婆罗门从事低等的工作比如厨师，因为婆罗门做的饭菜所有种姓都可以吃，而低种姓做
的饭，高种姓是绝对不能吃的，也有发迹的低种姓受了教育踏上仕途的，但毕竟是极少
数。。。。
下面讲，我们作为外国人如何简单的识别印度教徒的种姓：）
虽然现在印度的种姓繁多，但终归有几个大的等级：
第一等级：最高贵的婆罗门：掌管精神世界的神职人员。
第二等级：刹帝利： 掌管世俗权利的国王和武士
第三等级：吠舍： 从事农业，牧业，手工艺，商业的公民。
以上三大种姓是印度教的高种姓，可以学习经书，获得精神上的重生，所以也叫“重生
种姓”。
！识别方法：这三大印度教高种姓的男性有一个明显的标志，就是佩带“圣线”，在高
种姓男孩出生后要进行佩带“圣线”的仪式，“圣线”由3股拧成，婆罗门男孩佩带棉
线，刹帝利男孩佩带亚麻线，而吠舍男孩佩带毛线，作为高种姓的标志，所以当你看到
一个印度男人，只要看看他的手腕就知道他的种姓位置了，如果有线圈说明他出身高种
姓，然后只要辨别一下线圈的质地，他所属的种姓大的等级就明了了。。。。如果没有
圣线，说明他可能来自低种姓或贱民，或者是非印度教徒的信仰其他宗教的印度人，，
，，，西西，是不是很简单呢。。。。。。。。。印度人服装多是短袖或把袖子挽起来
，所以很一目了然的哦：）~~~~~~~~~~~
接着说，在这3大高种姓之下，就是印度教低种姓，其实种姓制度并不复杂，只有一个
低种姓大类，那就是奴隶种姓“首陀罗”在现在的印度他们大都从事苦力等体力劳动，
比如打扫卫生，车夫，工地工人，搬重东西的脚夫，，，，，，，，虽然都是从事体力
劳动也有区分，比如有扫低的种姓，洗衣服的种姓等，这从他们的姓名上已经标注的很
清楚，而且扫地的种姓不能洗衣服，洗衣服的种姓不能打扫厕所，打扫厕所的种姓是最
低贱的，所以从事最低贱的劳动，，，，，，，，他们是没有资格佩带圣线的，也没有
资格学习经书，如果他们敢朗诵经文要被割掉舌头的，但是他们还不是印度社会中最生
活最痛苦的人，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，
在低种姓之下还有一群被排除在种姓之外的印度人---“贱民”！
他们是最痛苦的人，从事着最肮脏低贱的工作，他们也被称为“不可触摸者”，如果哪
个印度人不小心碰到了贱民会被认为受了“污染”，要请祭祀做法式来消除，贱民没有
受教育的权利，不被允许学习宗教经文，不允许进入寺庙，不许进入商店等公共场合，
不能在公用的饮水处喝水，不能和其他人并肩行走，甚至如果他们的影子碰到别人都是
不允许的，自古贱民经常因为无意中冒犯其他人而被活活打死，烧死，无人来管，他们
不被允许融入印度社会，一般都是居住在单独的偏僻村落。。。。。。。。。。。。。
。。。。。。。。是生活习惯上，贱民也有禁忌，比如印度是个喜爱佩带首饰的民族，
但贱民妇女不允许佩带首饰，，，贱民男人下雨天不许打伞，不能穿鞋。。。。。当然
印度几千万贱民也在进行抗争，历史上曾有一位贱民出身的总统，但毕竟是特例。。。
。。。。
HOHO，再说说别的宗教，比如印度的穆斯林，，，另人心驰神往的最著名建筑泰姬陵就
是个伊斯兰建筑，在印度穆斯林聚居的城市，男人戴着白色的小帽，女人黑纱裹身遮面
，绿色和新月形是伊斯兰的标志，不过印度的伊斯兰文化也有自己的特点，目前印度1
亿穆斯林中的大部分都是历史上因为不堪忍受高种姓欺压的低种姓和贱民改宗的，，（
印度历史上有多次类似的低种姓不堪忍受压迫转而改信伊斯兰教，和佛教的事情），，
，，，，所以印度的穆斯林中有相当一部分还保留着印度教的种姓，，，，也算是个特
色吧。。。呵呵
最后说两句锡克族，锡克人应该算是印度人中特点最明显，最好辨认的民族了，他们的
聚居地旁遮普是印度最富庶的邦之一，但凡此地出身的人，无论什么民族，无比自豪满
满，走到哪里都要告诉别人他是旁遮普人，一句“我来自旁遮普”比“我来自新德里或
孟买，还要拽~~~~~~~~~这还是因为锡克人的勤劳，旁遮普是当年印度政府“绿色农业
”政策推行的最好的邦，曾经创造以不到2%的人口，提供印度50%口粮的奇迹，因为锡
克人鄙视乞丐，认为不劳而获是社会毒瘤，所以印度庞大的乞丐大军中绝对不会有锡克
人，，，，
锡克人是最骁勇善战的民族，历史上在旁遮普地区创建了强大的帝国，如果不是印度军
队里对锡克人当兵有名额限制的话，恐怕印度部队都要是锡克人的天下了，，，
识别方法：传统锡克人的“5K”大家都知道吧，，，，所以传统的锡克人一望便知，不
过现在有很多锡克年轻人已经不再做传统装扮，已经剪了短发，剔掉胡须，不包头布了
，，，我看过一个锡克男人传统装扮和剪发以后穿现代装的扮相，哈哈简直是2重天，
根本看不出是同一个人，，，，对于现代装的锡克男人也有一个办法识别，，，，虽然
他们不再蓄发，蓄须，包头布，但现代装的锡克男人仍然保留着其中一个“K”，那就
是佩带铁手镯，，，，，所以，，，还是看手腕，，，，以不变应万变，，，，，，即
使一个印度人穿着再时髦，如果他手腕上佩带着铁质地的手镯，那么他必定是个锡克族
男孩 ！~~~~~~~~~呵呵
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